How to Upload Bootstrap in Static Resources
Bootstrap (currently v3.iv.ane) has a few easy ways to quickly become started, each 1 appealing to a different skill level and use example. Read through to come across what suits your particular needs.
Bootstrap
Compiled and minified CSS, JavaScript, and fonts. No docs or original source files are included.
Download Bootstrap
Source lawmaking
Source Less, JavaScript, and font files, along with our docs. Requires a Less compiler and some setup.
Download source
jsDelivr
The folks over at jsDelivr graciously provide CDN back up for Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript. Just apply these jsDelivr links.
<!-- Latest compiled and minified CSS --> <link rel= "stylesheet" href= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.iv.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity= "sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin= "anonymous" > <!-- Optional theme --> <link rel= "stylesheet" href= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.i/dist/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" integrity= "sha384-6pzBo3FDv/PJ8r2KRkGHifhEocL+1X2rVCTTkUfGk7/0pbek5mMa1upzvWbrUbOZ" crossorigin= "anonymous" > <!-- Latest compiled and minified JavaScript --> <script src= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.internet/npm/bootstrap@3.4.one/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity= "sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin= "anonymous" ></script> Install with Bower
You can also install and manage Bootstrap'due south Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Bower:
bower install bootstrap Install with npm
You can also install Bootstrap using npm:
npm install bootstrap@3 require('bootstrap') will load all of Bootstrap'due south jQuery plugins onto the jQuery object. The bootstrap module itself does not consign annihilation. You lot can manually load Bootstrap's jQuery plugins individually by loading the /js/*.js files under the bundle's superlative-level directory.
Bootstrap'due south package.json contains some boosted metadata nether the following keys:
-
less- path to Bootstrap'southward chief Less source file -
way- path to Bootstrap's non-minified CSS that's been precompiled using the default settings (no customization)
Install with Composer
Y'all tin can also install and manage Bootstrap's Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Composer:
composer require twbs/bootstrap Autoprefixer required for Less/Sass
Bootstrap uses Autoprefixer to deal with CSS vendor prefixes. If you're compiling Bootstrap from its Less/Sass source and not using our Gruntfile, you lot'll need to integrate Autoprefixer into your build procedure yourself. If you're using precompiled Bootstrap or using our Gruntfile, you don't demand to worry nigh this considering Autoprefixer is already integrated into our Gruntfile.
Bootstrap is downloadable in two forms, within which you'll notice the post-obit directories and files, logically grouping mutual resources and providing both compiled and minified variations.
jQuery required
Please notation that all JavaScript plugins require jQuery to exist included, as shown in the starter template. Consult our bower.json to see which versions of jQuery are supported.
Precompiled Bootstrap
Once downloaded, unzip the compressed folder to meet the structure of (the compiled) Bootstrap. Yous'll meet something similar this:
bootstrap/ ├── css/ │ ├── bootstrap.css │ ├── bootstrap.css.map │ ├── bootstrap.min.css │ ├── bootstrap.min.css.map │ ├── bootstrap-theme.css │ ├── bootstrap-theme.css.map │ ├── bootstrap-theme.min.css │ └── bootstrap-theme.min.css.map ├── js/ │ ├── bootstrap.js │ └── bootstrap.min.js └── fonts/ ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.eot ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.svg ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.ttf ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.woff └── glyphicons-halflings-regular.woff2 This is the most basic class of Bootstrap: precompiled files for quick drop-in usage in most any spider web project. We provide compiled CSS and JS (bootstrap.*), as well as compiled and minified CSS and JS (bootstrap.min.*). CSS source maps (bootstrap.*.map) are bachelor for use with certain browsers' developer tools. Fonts from Glyphicons are included, as is the optional Bootstrap theme.
Bootstrap source code
The Bootstrap source code download includes the precompiled CSS, JavaScript, and font assets, forth with source Less, JavaScript, and documentation. More specifically, information technology includes the following and more:
bootstrap/ ├── less/ ├── js/ ├── fonts/ ├── dist/ │ ├── css/ │ ├── js/ │ └── fonts/ └── docs/ └── examples/ The less/, js/, and fonts/ are the source code for our CSS, JS, and icon fonts (respectively). The dist/ folder includes everything listed in the precompiled download section in a higher place. The docs/ folder includes the source lawmaking for our documentation, and examples/ of Bootstrap usage. Beyond that, any other included file provides support for packages, license information, and evolution.
Bootstrap uses Grunt for its build organization, with convenient methods for working with the framework. It's how we compile our code, run tests, and more.
Installing Grunt
To install Grunt, you must first download and install node.js (which includes npm). npm stands for node packaged modules and is a mode to manage evolution dependencies through node.js.
Then, from the control line:
- Install
grunt-cliglobally withnpm install -thou grunt-cli. - Navigate to the root
/bootstrap/directory, then runnpm install. npm will expect at thepackage.jsonfile and automatically install the necessary local dependencies listed at that place.
When completed, you'll exist able to run the various Grunt commands provided from the control line.
Available Grunt commands
grunt dist (But compile CSS and JavaScript)
Regenerates the /dist/ directory with compiled and minified CSS and JavaScript files. As a Bootstrap user, this is normally the command you want.
grunt spotter (Picket)
Watches the Less source files and automatically recompiles them to CSS whenever you save a change.
grunt test (Run tests)
Runs JSHint and runs the QUnit tests in real browsers thank you to Karma.
grunt docs (Build & exam the docs assets)
Builds and tests CSS, JavaScript, and other assets which are used when running the documentation locally via packet exec jekyll serve.
grunt (Build absolutely everything and run tests)
Compiles and minifies CSS and JavaScript, builds the documentation website, runs the HTML5 validator against the docs, regenerates the Customizer assets, and more. Requires Jekyll. Normally only necessary if you're hacking on Bootstrap itself.
Troubleshooting
Should you lot run across problems with installing dependencies or running Grunt commands, first delete the /node_modules/ directory generated by npm. Then, rerun npm install.
Start with this basic HTML template, or modify these examples. We hope yous'll customize our templates and examples, adapting them to adapt your needs.
Copy the HTML below to begin working with a minimal Bootstrap document.
<!doctype html> <html lang= "en" > <head> <meta charset= "utf-8" > <meta http-equiv= "Ten-UA-Compatible" content= "IE=edge" > <meta proper noun= "viewport" content= "width=device-width, initial-calibration=ane" > <!-- The to a higher place 3 meta tags *must* come outset in the head; whatsoever other caput content must come up *after* these tags --> <title>Bootstrap 101 Template</title> <!-- Bootstrap --> <link rel= "stylesheet" href= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.ane/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity= "sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin= "anonymous" > <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js for IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries --> <!-- Warning: Respond.js doesn't work if you lot view the page via file:// --> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/html5shiv@iii.vii.3/dist/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/respond.js@i.4.2/dest/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> </caput> <body> <h1>Hullo, world!</h1> <!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) --> <script src= "https://code.jquery.com/jquery-i.12.4.min.js" integrity= "sha384-nvAa0+6Qg9clwYCGGPpDQLVpLNn0fRaROjHqs13t4Ggj3Ez50XnGQqc/r8MhnRDZ" crossorigin= "anonymous" ></script> <!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed --> <script src= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.i/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity= "sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin= "anonymous" ></script> </body> </html> Build on the basic template above with Bootstrap'due south many components. Nosotros encourage you to customize and adapt Bootstrap to suit your private projection's needs.
Get the source lawmaking for every example below by downloading the Bootstrap repository. Examples can be found in the docs/examples/ directory.
Using the framework
Starter template
Nothing but the nuts: compiled CSS and JavaScript forth with a container.
Bootstrap theme
Load the optional Bootstrap theme for a visually enhanced feel.
Grids
Multiple examples of grid layouts with all four tiers, nesting, and more.
Jumbotron
Build around the jumbotron with a navbar and some bones grid columns.
Narrow jumbotron
Build a more custom page past narrowing the default container and jumbotron.
Navbars in action
Navbar
Super basic template that includes the navbar along with some additional content.
Static acme navbar
Super basic template with a static tiptop navbar along with some additional content.
Fixed navbar
Super basic template with a fixed top navbar along with some additional content.
Custom components
Embrace
A one-folio template for edifice simple and beautiful dwelling house pages.
Carousel
Customize the navbar and carousel, and then add some new components.
Web log
Simple two-column weblog layout with custom navigation, header, and type.
Dashboard
Basic structure for an admin dashboard with fixed sidebar and navbar.
Sign-in page
Custom course layout and design for a unproblematic sign in grade.
Sticky footer
Attach a footer to the bottom of the viewport when the content is shorter than information technology.
Sticky footer with navbar
Attach a footer to the lesser of the viewport with a fixed navbar at the peak.
Experiments
Non-responsive Bootstrap
Hands disable the responsiveness of Bootstrap per our docs.
Off-canvas
Build a toggleable off-canvas navigation menu for employ with Bootstrap.
Bootlint is the official Bootstrap HTML linter tool. It automatically checks for several common HTML mistakes in webpages that are using Bootstrap in a adequately "vanilla" way. Vanilla Bootstrap's components/widgets crave their parts of the DOM to accommodate to certain structures. Bootlint checks that instances of Bootstrap components accept correctly-structured HTML. Consider calculation Bootlint to your Bootstrap web evolution toolchain then that none of the common mistakes tiresome downwardly your project'south development.
Stay up to engagement on the development of Bootstrap and reach out to the community with these helpful resource.
- Read and subscribe to The Official Bootstrap Blog.
- Conversation with fellow Bootstrappers using IRC in the
irc.freenode.netserver, in the ##bootstrap channel. - For help using Bootstrap, ask on StackOverflow using the tag
twitter-bootstrap-3. - Developers should utilize the keyword
bootstrapon packages which alter or add to the functionality of Bootstrap when distributing through npm or similar commitment mechanisms for maximum discoverability. - Notice inspiring examples of people building with Bootstrap at the Bootstrap Expo.
Yous can besides follow @getbootstrap on Twitter for the latest gossip and awesome music videos.
Bootstrap automatically adapts your pages for various screen sizes. Here's how to disable this feature and then your page works like this non-responsive example.
Steps to disable page responsiveness
- Omit the viewport
<meta>mentioned in the CSS docs - Override the
widthon the.containerfor each grid tier with a single width, for instancewidth: 970px !of import;Be certain that this comes after the default Bootstrap CSS. You can optionally avoid the!importantwith media queries or some selector-fu. - If using navbars, remove all navbar collapsing and expanding beliefs.
- For grid layouts, use
.col-xs-*classes in improver to, or in place of, the medium/big ones. Don't worry, the actress-small device grid scales to all resolutions.
You'll notwithstanding demand Reply.js for IE8 (since our media queries are yet there and demand to be processed). This disables the "mobile site" aspects of Bootstrap.
Bootstrap template with responsiveness disabled
We've applied these steps to an example. Read its source code to encounter the specific changes implemented.
View not-responsive case
Bootstrap is built to work best in the latest desktop and mobile browsers, meaning older browsers might brandish differently styled, though fully functional, renderings of certain components.
Supported browsers
Specifically, we support the latest versions of the following browsers and platforms.
Culling browsers which utilise the latest version of WebKit, Blink, or Gecko, whether directly or via the platform'south web view API, are non explicitly supported. Nevertheless, Bootstrap should (in most cases) display and office correctly in these browsers as well. More specific support data is provided beneath.
Mobile devices
Generally speaking, Bootstrap supports the latest versions of each major platform'due south default browsers. Note that proxy browsers (such equally Opera Mini, Opera Mobile's Turbo mode, UC Browser Mini, Amazon Silk) are not supported.
| Chrome | Firefox | Safari | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Android | Supported | Supported | N/A |
| iOS | Supported | Supported | Supported |
Desktop browsers
Similarly, the latest versions of nearly desktop browsers are supported.
| Chrome | Firefox | Cyberspace Explorer | Opera | Safari | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mac | Supported | Supported | N/A | Supported | Supported |
| Windows | Supported | Supported | Supported | Supported | Non supported |
On Windows, we back up Net Explorer viii-11.
For Firefox, in add-on to the latest normal stable release, we also support the latest Extended Support Release (ESR) version of Firefox.
Unofficially, Bootstrap should expect and behave well plenty in Chromium and Chrome for Linux, Firefox for Linux, and Internet Explorer 7, too as Microsoft Edge, though they are not officially supported.
For a listing of some of the browser bugs that Bootstrap has to grapple with, encounter our Wall of browser bugs.
Internet Explorer 8 and nine
Internet Explorer 8 and 9 are too supported, however, please be aware that some CSS3 properties and HTML5 elements are not fully supported past these browsers. In addition, Internet Explorer 8 requires the use of Answer.js to enable media query back up.
| Feature | Internet Explorer eight | Internet Explorer ix |
|---|---|---|
border-radius | Not supported | Supported |
box-shadow | Not supported | Supported |
transform | Not supported | Supported, with -ms prefix |
transition | Not supported | |
placeholder | Not supported | |
Visit Can I utilise... for details on browser support of CSS3 and HTML5 features.
Internet Explorer eight and Respond.js
Beware of the following caveats when using Respond.js in your development and product environments for Internet Explorer viii.
Reply.js and cross-domain CSS
Using Respond.js with CSS hosted on a different (sub)domain (for case, on a CDN) requires some additional setup. See the Respond.js docs for details.
Respond.js and file://
Due to browser security rules, Respond.js doesn't piece of work with pages viewed via the file:// protocol (similar when opening a local HTML file). To test responsive features in IE8, view your pages over HTTP(Due south). Run into the Respond.js docs for details.
Answer.js and @import
Respond.js doesn't work with CSS that'southward referenced via @import. In item, some Drupal configurations are known to use @import. See the Reply.js docs for details.
Cyberspace Explorer 8 and box-sizing
IE8 does not fully back up box-sizing: edge-box; when combined with min-width, max-width, min-elevation, or max-height. For that reason, equally of v3.0.one, we no longer utilise max-width on .containers.
Internet Explorer 8 and @font-face
IE8 has some problems with @font-face when combined with :earlier. Bootstrap uses that combination with its Glyphicons. If a folio is cached, and loaded without the mouse over the window (i.eastward. hitting the refresh button or load something in an iframe) then the page gets rendered before the font loads. Hovering over the page (body) will show some of the icons and hovering over the remaining icons will show those too. See issue #13863 for details.
IE Compatibility modes
Bootstrap is non supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. To be sure you're using the latest rendering mode for IE, consider including the appropriate <meta> tag in your pages:
<meta http-equiv= "X-UA-Compatible" content= "IE=border" > Confirm the document style by opening the debugging tools: printing F12 and cheque the "Document Style".
This tag is included in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples to ensure the best rendering possible in each supported version of Internet Explorer.
See this StackOverflow question for more than information.
Cyberspace Explorer x in Windows viii and Windows Phone 8
Internet Explorer 10 doesn't differentiate device width from viewport width, and thus doesn't properly apply the media queries in Bootstrap'due south CSS. Unremarkably y'all'd merely add together a quick snippet of CSS to fix this:
@-ms-viewport { width : device-width ; } However, this doesn't work for devices running Windows Phone 8 versions older than Update 3 (a.chiliad.a. GDR3), as information technology causes such devices to show a mostly desktop view instead of narrow "phone" view. To accost this, yous'll need to include the following CSS and JavaScript to piece of work around the problems.
@-ms-viewport { width : device-width ; } @-o-viewport { width : device-width ; } @viewport { width : device-width ; } // Copyright 2014-2019 Twitter, Inc. // Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/v3-dev/LICENSE) if ( navigator . userAgent . match ( /IEMobile \/ x \. 0/ )) { var msViewportStyle = document . createElement ( 'style' ) msViewportStyle . appendChild ( document . createTextNode ( '@-ms-viewport{width:motorcar!important}' ) ) document . querySelector ( 'head' ). appendChild ( msViewportStyle ) } For more information and usage guidelines, read Windows Phone 8 and Device-Width.
As a heads upwards, we include this in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples as a demonstration.
Safari percentage rounding
The rendering engine of versions of Safari prior to v7.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v8.0 had some trouble with the number of decimal places used in our .col-*-one grid classes. So if you had 12 individual grid columns, you'd notice that they came up brusk compared to other rows of columns. Also upgrading Safari/iOS, you have some options for workarounds:
- Add
.pull-rightto your concluding grid column to get the difficult-correct alignment - Tweak your percentages manually to go the perfect rounding for Safari (more hard than the get-go option)
Modals, navbars, and virtual keyboards
Overflow and scrolling
Back up for overflow: subconscious on the <torso> element is quite express in iOS and Android. To that end, when you lot coil past the pinnacle or bottom of a modal in either of those devices' browsers, the <body> content will brainstorm to scroll. Encounter Chrome bug #175502 (fixed in Chrome v40) and WebKit bug #153852.
iOS text fields and scrolling
Equally of iOS 9.3, while a modal is open up, if the initial touch on of a scroll gesture is within the boundary of a textual <input> or a <textarea>, the <torso> content underneath the modal will exist scrolled instead of the modal itself. Run into WebKit bug #153856.
Virtual keyboards
Also, note that if you're using a fixed navbar or using inputs inside a modal, iOS has a rendering bug that doesn't update the position of fixed elements when the virtual keyboard is triggered. A few workarounds for this include transforming your elements to position: accented or invoking a timer on focus to try to right the positioning manually. This is non handled by Bootstrap, so it is upwards to you to decide which solution is all-time for your application.
Navbar Dropdowns
The .dropdown-properties chemical element isn't used on iOS in the nav considering of the complication of z-indexing. Thus, to shut dropdowns in navbars, you must direct click the dropdown chemical element (or any other element which will burn a click issue in iOS).
Browser zooming
Page zooming inevitably presents rendering artifacts in some components, both in Bootstrap and the remainder of the web. Depending on the issue, we may exist able to prepare information technology (search outset and then open up an issue if demand be). Withal, we tend to ignore these every bit they often have no directly solution other than hacky workarounds.
Sticky :hover/:focus on mobile
Fifty-fifty though existent hovering isn't possible on virtually touchscreens, most mobile browsers emulate hovering back up and make :hover "sticky". In other words, :hover styles get-go applying subsequently tapping an element and just stop applying after the user taps another chemical element. This can cause Bootstrap's :hover states to go undesirably "stuck" on such browsers. Some mobile browsers also make :focus similarly gluey. In that location is currently no uncomplicated workaround for these issues other than removing such styles entirely.
Press
Fifty-fifty in some modern browsers, printing tin be quirky.
In particular, as of Chrome v32 and regardless of margin settings, Chrome uses a viewport width significantly narrower than the concrete paper size when resolving media queries while printing a webpage. This can consequence in Bootstrap'south actress-small grid beingness unexpectedly activated when printing. See event #12078 and Chrome bug #273306 for some details. Suggested workarounds:
- Embrace the extra-small grid and brand certain your folio looks acceptable under it.
- Customize the values of the
@screen-*Less variables so that your printer paper is considered larger than extra-small. - Add custom media queries to modify the grid size breakpoints for print media only.
Besides, as of Safari v8.0, stock-still-width .containers can cause Safari to utilize an unusually small font size when press. Run across #14868 and WebKit issues #138192 for more details. One potential workaround for this is adding the following CSS:
@media print { .container { width : auto ; } } Android stock browser
Out of the box, Android 4.one (and even some newer releases apparently) ship with the Browser app as the default web browser of selection (as opposed to Chrome). Unfortunately, the Browser app has lots of bugs and inconsistencies with CSS in full general.
Select menus
On <select> elements, the Android stock browser will not display the side controls if there is a edge-radius and/or edge applied. (Run across this StackOverflow question for details.) Apply the snippet of code beneath to remove the offending CSS and render the <select> every bit an unstyled element on the Android stock browser. The user agent sniffing avoids interference with Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla browsers.
<script> $ ( function () { var nua = navigator . userAgent var isAndroid = ( nua . indexOf ( 'Mozilla/v.0' ) > - 1 && nua . indexOf ( 'Android ' ) > - 1 && nua . indexOf ( 'AppleWebKit' ) > - 1 && nua . indexOf ( 'Chrome' ) === - 1 ) if ( isAndroid ) { $ ( 'select.grade-control' ). removeClass ( 'form-command' ). css ( 'width' , '100%' ) } }) </script> Desire to run across an case? Check out this JS Bin demo.
Validators
In order to provide the best possible experience to old and buggy browsers, Bootstrap uses CSS browser hacks in several places to target special CSS to certain browser versions in social club to work around bugs in the browsers themselves. These hacks understandably cause CSS validators to complain that they are invalid. In a couple places, we likewise employ bleeding-edge CSS features that aren't however fully standardized, just these are used purely for progressive enhancement.
These validation warnings don't matter in do since the non-hacky portion of our CSS does fully validate and the hacky portions don't interfere with the proper functioning of the non-hacky portion, hence why we deliberately ignore these particular warnings.
Our HTML docs likewise have some trivial and inconsequential HTML validation warnings due to our inclusion of a workaround for a certain Firefox bug.
While nosotros don't officially support whatever 3rd party plugins or add-ons, we do offer some useful communication to assist avoid potential issues in your projects.
Box-sizing
Some tertiary party software, including Google Maps and Google Custom Search Engine, conflict with Bootstrap due to * { box-sizing: border-box; }, a dominion which makes it so padding does non impact the last computed width of an element. Learn more almost box model and sizing at CSS Tricks.
Depending on the context, you may override equally-needed (Option ane) or reset the box-sizing for entire regions (Choice 2).
/* Box-sizing resets * * Reset private elements or override regions to avoid conflicts due to * global box model settings of Bootstrap. Two options, individual overrides and * region resets, are available as plain CSS and uncompiled Less formats. */ /* Selection 1A: Override a unmarried chemical element'southward box model via CSS */ .element { -webkit-box-sizing : content-box ; -moz-box-sizing : content-box ; box-sizing : content-box ; } /* Option 1B: Override a single element'southward box model by using a Bootstrap Less mixin */ .element { .box-sizing ( content-box ) ; } /* Selection 2A: Reset an entire region via CSS */ .reset-box-sizing , .reset-box-sizing *, .reset-box-sizing * :before , .reset-box-sizing * :after { -webkit-box-sizing : content-box ; -moz-box-sizing : content-box ; box-sizing : content-box ; } /* Selection 2B: Reset an entire region with a custom Less mixin */ .reset-box-sizing { & , *, * :before , * :after { .box-sizing ( content-box ) ; } } .element { .reset-box-sizing () ; } Bootstrap follows common web standards and—with minimal extra effort—tin can be used to create sites that are accessible to those using AT.
Skip navigation
If your navigation contains many links and comes before the master content in the DOM, add together a Skip to principal content link before the navigation (for a simple caption, see this A11Y Project article on skip navigation links). Using the .sr-but class will visually hibernate the skip link, and the .sr-only-focusable class will ensure that the link becomes visible in one case focused (for sighted keyboard users).
Due to long-standing shortcomings/bugs in Chrome (see event 262171 in the Chromium bug tracker) and Internet Explorer (run into this article on in-page links and focus order), yous will need to make certain that the target of your skip link is at least programmatically focusable by adding tabindex="-i".
In addition, you may want to explicitly suppress a visible focus indication on the target (particularly as Chrome currently also sets focus on elements with tabindex="-ane" when they are clicked with the mouse) with #content:focus { outline: none; }.
Annotation that this bug volition also touch on any other in-page links your site may be using, rendering them useless for keyboard users. Y'all may consider calculation a similar end-gap ready to all other named anchors / fragment identifiers that act as link targets.
<body> <a href= "#content" class= "sr-but sr-merely-focusable" >Skip to master content</a> ... <div class= "container" id= "content" tabindex= "-1" > <!-- The primary page content --> </div> </trunk> Nested headings
When nesting headings (<h1> - <h6>), your principal document header should be an <h1>. Subsequent headings should brand logical use of <h2> - <h6> such that screen readers can construct a table of contents for your pages.
Larn more at HTML CodeSniffer and Penn Country's AccessAbility.
Colour contrast
Currently, some of the default color combinations available in Bootstrap (such as the various styled button classes, some of the code highlighting colors used for basic code blocks, the .bg-principal contextual background helper class, and the default link color when used on a white groundwork) have a low contrast ratio (below the recommended ratio of iv.v:i). This can cause issues to users with low vision or who are color bullheaded. These default colors may need to be modified to increase their contrast and legibility.
Additional resources
- "HTML Codesniffer" bookmarklet for identifying accessibility issues
- Chrome'southward Accessibility Developer Tools extension
- Colour Contrast Analyser
- The A11Y Projection
- MDN accessibility documentation
Bootstrap is released under the MIT license and is copyright 2019 Twitter. Boiled downwards to smaller chunks, it tin be described with the following atmospheric condition.
Information technology requires you to:
- Proceed the license and copyright notice included in Bootstrap'southward CSS and JavaScript files when yous use them in your works
It permits yous to:
- Freely download and utilize Bootstrap, in whole or in office, for personal, private, company internal, or commercial purposes
- Use Bootstrap in packages or distributions that you create
- Modify the source lawmaking
- Grant a sublicense to modify and distribute Bootstrap to third parties not included in the license
It forbids you to:
- Hold the authors and license owners liable for damages as Bootstrap is provided without warranty
- Hold the creators or copyright holders of Bootstrap liable
- Redistribute whatever piece of Bootstrap without proper attribution
- Use whatever marks owned past Twitter in any way that might state or imply that Twitter endorses your distribution
- Apply any marks endemic by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that yous created the Twitter software in question
It does not require yous to:
- Include the source of Bootstrap itself, or of any modifications y'all may accept fabricated to information technology, in any redistribution y'all may assemble that includes it
- Submit changes that you make to Bootstrap back to the Bootstrap project (though such feedback is encouraged)
The full Bootstrap license is located in the projection repository for more information.
Source: https://getbootstrap.com/docs/3.4/getting-started/
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